7 Ways Nature Has Inspired Technology

After 3.5 billion years of evolution, nature has come up with some ingenious solutions for everything, from defying gravity with stickiness to staying cool in the heat. Cathal O’Connell explains.

  Here are some technological devices inspired by nature.

1

TERMITE BUILDINGS

African termites have evolved some clever designs to keep their mounds at a nearly constant temperature, in environments that swing from 40 °C in the day to less than 2°C at night. Termites construct their hills with a detached cooling framework, utilizing a progression of vents along the top and sides. Architect Mick Pearce used a similar strategy when he designed the Eastgate center, an office complex in Harare, Zimbabwe. Warm air exits through chimneys at the top of the building, while cooler air is drawn up from underground.

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A termite mound catches the evening sun in the Masai Mara Game Reserve, Kenya. CREDIT: J_KNAUPE / GETTY IMAGES		The elaborate chimney cooling system at the Eastgate Centre in Harare takes its inspiration from termite mounds. CREDIT: EASTGATE CENTRE

2

SHARKSKIN

Inspired by the microscopic scales on shark skin, NASA scientists developed a drag-reducing coating for ships. The technology helped the Stars and Stripes win the Americas’ Cup sailing race in 1987. The coating was so successful, the competition regarded it an out of line advantage and prohibited the innovation before later restoring it.

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Scales covering sharks reduce drag and ease motion. CREDIT: GREGORY S. PAULSON / GETTY IMAGES		America’s Cup boat Stars and Stripes during challenger races in Auckland 2002. Its ‘sharkskin’ hull gave it the edge. CREDIT: DAVID HALLETT / GETTY IMAGES

3

BULLET TRAIN KINGFISHER

A high-speed train emerging from a tunnel generates a tremendous thunderclap due to the air pressure that builds up in front of the nose. In the 1990s Japanese engineer, Eiji Nakatsu noticed that kingfishers could dive into the water with barely a splash. His design for the Shinkansen bullet train, based on the kingfisher beak, not only reduced the noise of the train but was also streamlined progressively, utilizing less force and empowering higher speeds.it.

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The kingfisher can enter the water with scarcely a splash, and the bullet train follows its lead. CREDIT: TONY MCLEAN / GETTY IMAGES		A Central Japan Railway Shinkansen bullet train arrives at Tokyo Station. It owes its looks to the kingfisher. CREDIT: OLEKSIY MAKSYMENKO / GETTY IMAGES

4

WHALE FIN WIND-TURBINE

In  Boston, Frank Fish, a biologist, noticed the bumps running along the fins on a statue of a humpback whale, and assumed the artist had made a mistake. Instead of protruding from the back edge of the fins, the bumps surely ran along the front. But the artist was right. A row of warty ridges creates tiny vortices which help the fin cut through the water, and explains the humpback’s surprising agility. After studying this ‘tubercle effect’, Fish discovered that adding rows of bumps to turbine blades reduced drag and noise, and increased their efficiency.



                   

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5

GECKO SKIN

The secret to a gecko’s gravity-defying grip turns out to be the rows of tiny hairs, called setae, on its toes. The hairs cling to any surface using the sticky van der Waals force, which only works at microscopic scales. The advantage is a reversible, strong grip without the need to deposit an adhesive. In recent years engineers have managed to reproduce similar setae from silicone, leading to myriad variations of gecko-skin technology. Among them is a gizmo to allow humans to climb a sheer glass wall, robots can pull objects multiple times their own weight, and grippers for space repairs.

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The feet of the marbled velvet gecko has inspired a range of technological solutions for holding on to vertical surfaces. CREDIT: HENRY COOK / GETTY IMAGES		The gecko-inspired LEMUR clings on in this artist’s impression of NASA technology. CREDIT: NASA / JPL-CALTECH

6

VELCRO

In 1941, Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral went hunting in the Alps and a short time later saw his garments, and his dog’s fur was covered in burdock burrs. This mechanism of clinging to passing creatures is the burdock’s way of spreading seeds across greater distances. Mestral put one of the burrs under a microscope and discovered the simple hooks which allowed it to cling to loops in his socks and in dog hair. The discovery inspired Mestral to create velcro, which he patented in 1955.

→ The burdock improves the distribution of its seeds using tiny hooks. CREDIT: WIKICOMMONS

7

HIVE MIND GRID

Although no one ever guides them, bees in a hive instinctively sense what jobs need doing and get on to it – based simply on where in the hive they are and what other bees are doing around them. Regen Energy in the US adapted this ‘swarm logic’ to improve the efficiency of energy grids. Instead of using a central system to redirect power loads, the company places local controllers that communicate wirelessly with one another, and figure out on their own where power needs to.

                        

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The burdock improves distribution of its seeds using tiny hooks. CREDIT: WIKICOMMONS		An extreme close-up of velcro shows its similarity to burdock hooks. CREDIT:SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

                                   

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